1   214 160 ACUTE AND CHRONIC MOLECULAR SIGNATURES AND ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS OF BLAST EXPOSURE IN MILITARY BREACHERS. INJURIES FROM EXPOSURE TO EXPLOSIONS ROSE DRAMATICALLY DURING THE IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN WARS, WHICH MOTIVATED INVESTIGATIONS OF BLAST-RELATED NEUROTRAUMA AND OPERATIONAL BREACHING. IN THIS STUDY, MILITARY "BREACHERS" WERE EXPOSED TO CONTROLLED, LOW-LEVEL BLAST DURING A 10-DAY EXPLOSIVE BREACHING COURSE. USING AN OMICS APPROACH, WE ASSESSED EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND INFLAMMATORY PROFILE CHANGES IN BLOOD FROM OPERATIONAL BREACHING TRAINEES, WITH VARYING LEVELS OF LIFETIME BLAST EXPOSURE, ALONG WITH DAILY SELF-REPORTED SYMPTOMS (WITH TINNITUS, HEADACHES, AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES AS THE MOST FREQUENTLY REPORTED). ALTHOUGH ACUTE EXPOSURE TO BLAST DID NOT CONFER EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY IN DNA METHYLATION, DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WITH COORDINATED GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH LIFETIME CUMULATIVE BLAST EXPOSURES WERE IDENTIFIED. THE ACCUMULATIVE EFFECT OF BLAST SHOWED INCREASED METHYLATION OF PAX8 ANTISENSE TRANSCRIPT WITH COORDINATED REPRESSION OF GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP DISTURBANCE. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES CONDUCTED IN CONJUNCTION WITH REPORTED SYMPTOMS OF TINNITUS IN THE LOW VERSUS HIGH BLAST INCIDENTS GROUPS IDENTIFIED DMRS IN KCNE1 AND CYP2E1 GENES. KCNE1 AND CYP2E1 SHOWED THE EXPECTED INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY IMPLICATED IN NOISE-RELATED HEARING LOSS. ALTHOUGH NO SIGNIFICANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN SAMPLES OBTAINED AT THE ONSET OF THE TRAINING COURSE RELATIVE TO CHRONIC CUMULATIVE BLAST, WE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL PERTURBATIONS ACUTELY PRE- VERSUS POST-BLAST EXPOSURE. ACUTELY, 67 ROBUSTLY DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES (FOLD CHANGE >/=1.5), INCLUDING UFC1 AND YOD1 UBIQUITIN-RELATED PROTEINS, WERE IDENTIFIED. INFLAMMATORY ANALYSES OF CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES REVEALED DYSREGULATION OF MCP-1, GCSF, HGF, MCSF, AND RANTES ACUTELY AFTER BLAST EXPOSURE. THESE DATA SHOW THE IMPORTANCE OF AN OMICS APPROACH, REVEALING THAT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS CAPTURE ACUTE LOW-LEVEL BLAST OVERPRESSURE EXPOSURE, WHEREAS DNA METHYLATION MARKS ENCAPSULATE CHRONIC LONG-TERM SYMPTOMS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  3287  29 HIERARCHICAL AND CYBERNETIC NATURE OF BIOLOGIC SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO HOMEOSTATIC ADAPTATION TO LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURES TO OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCING AGENTS. DURING EVOLUTION IN AN AEROBIC ENVIRONMENT, MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS SURVIVED BY ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO BOTH THE ENDOGENOUS OXIDATIVE METABOLISM IN THE CELLS OF THE ORGANISM AND THE CHEMICALS AND LOW-LEVEL RADIATION TO WHICH THEY HAD BEEN EXPOSED. THE DEFENSE REPERTOIRE EXISTS AT ALL LEVELS OF THE BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHY--FROM THE MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL LEVEL TO THE CELLULAR AND TISSUE LEVEL TO THE ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL. CELLS CONTAIN PREVENTIVE ANTIOXIDANTS TO SUPPRESS OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO MEMBRANES. CELLS ALSO CONTAIN PROTEINS AND DNA; BUILT-IN REDUNDANCIES FOR DAMAGED MOLECULES AND ORGANELLES; TIGHTLY COUPLED REDOX SYSTEMS; POOLS OF REDUCTANTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS AND SENSITIVE SENSOR MOLECULES SUCH AS NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA BETA; AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS AFFECTING BOTH TRANSCRIPTION AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS NEEDED TO COPE WITH OXIDATIVE STRESS. THE BIOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE LOW-LEVEL RADIATION THAT EXCEEDS THE BACKGROUND LEVEL OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE COULD BE NECROSIS OR APOPTOSIS, CELL PROLIFERATION, OR CELL DIFFERENTIATION. THESE EFFECTS ARE TRIGGERED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS--AN EPIGENETIC, NOT GENOTOXIC, PROCESS. IF THE END POINTS OF CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, OR CELL DEATH ARE NOT SEEN AT FREQUENCIES ABOVE BACKGROUND LEVELS IN AN ORGANISM, IT IS UNLIKELY THAT LOW-LEVEL RADIATION WOULD PLAY A ROLE IN THE MULTISTEP PROCESSES OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER. THE MECHANISM LINKED TO HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF PROLIFERATION AND ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS IN A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM COULD PROVIDE PROTECTION OF ANY ONE CELL RECEIVING DEPOSITED ENERGY BY THE RADIATION TRACT THROUGH THE SHARING OF REDUCTANTS AND BY TRIGGERING APOPTOSIS OF TARGET STEM CELLS. EXAMPLES OF THE ROLE OF GAP JUNCTIONAL INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION IN THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE OF CELLS AND THE BYSTANDER EFFECT ILLUSTRATE HOW THE INTERACTION OF CELLS CAN MODULATE THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON THE SINGLE CELL.	1998	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3   930  38 CHRONIC IRRADIATION OF HUMAN CELLS REDUCES HISTONE LEVELS AND DEREGULATES GENE EXPRESSION. OVER THE PAST DECADES, THERE HAVE BEEN HUGE ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING CELLULAR RESPONSES TO IONISING RADIATION (IR) AND DNA DAMAGE. THESE STUDIES, HOWEVER, WERE MOSTLY EXECUTED WITH CELL LINES AND MICE USING SINGLE OR MULTIPLE ACUTE DOSES OF RADIATION. HENCE, RELATIVELY LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSE IONISING RADIATION AFFECTS NORMAL CELLS AND ORGANISMS, EVEN THOUGH OUR CELLS ARE CONSTANTLY EXPOSED TO LOW LEVELS OF RADIATION. WE ADDRESSED THIS ISSUE BY EXAMINING THE CONSEQUENCES OF EXPOSING HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS TO CONTINUOUS IONISING GAMMA-RADIATION DELIVERED AT 6-20 MGY/H. ALTHOUGH THESE DOSE RATES ARE ESTIMATED TO INFLICT FEWER THAN A SINGLE DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK (DSB) PER HOUR PER CELL, THEY STILL CAUSED DOSE-DEPENDENT REDUCTIONS IN CELL PROLIFERATION AND INCREASED CELLULAR SENESCENCE. WE CONCOMITANTLY OBSERVED HISTONE PROTEIN LEVELS TO REDUCE BY UP TO 40%, WHICH IN CONTRAST TO PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS, WAS NOT MAINLY DUE TO PROTEIN DEGRADATION BUT INSTEAD CORRELATED WITH REDUCED HISTONE GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE REDUCTIONS WERE ACCOMPANIED BY ENLARGED NUCLEAR SIZE PARALLELED BY AN INCREASE IN GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTION, INCLUDING THAT OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES. THUS, CHRONIC IRRADIATION, EVEN AT LOW DOSE-RATES, CAN INDUCE CELL SENESCENCE AND ALTER GENE EXPRESSION VIA A HITHERTO UNCHARACTERISED EPIGENETIC ROUTE. THESE FEATURES OF CHRONIC RADIATION REPRESENT A NEW ASPECT OF RADIATION BIOLOGY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  5010  31 PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC, ARACHIDONIC AND OLEIC ACID IN RELATION TO THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE AND CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID IN THE CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED. ANALYSIS OF 7,8-DIHYDRO-8-OXO-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OXODG) LEVELS IN 2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (DG) AND ISOLATED DNA HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING THIS SPECIFIC GENOTOXIC DAMAGE. THIS EFFECT APPEARS TO BE RELATED TO THE DEGREE OF FATTY ACID UNSATURATION, SINCE IT WAS NOT INDUCED BY MONOUNSATURATED OLEIC ACID. ENZYMATIC PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. STUDIES ON THE INTERFERENCE OF RADICAL SCAVENGERS WITH THE INDUCTION OF 8-OXODG IN COMBINATION WITH ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SUPEROXIDE ANION WAS GENERATED DURING PEROXIDATION OF THESE FATTY ACIDS AND THAT SINGLET OXYGEN IS MOST LIKELY INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. THE LEVEL OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN DG AND SINGLE-STRANDED DNA WAS HIGHER AS COMPARED TO THAT IN NATIVE DNA AFTER EQUIMOLAR TREATMENT. EXPOSURE OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TO LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID DID NOT RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN LEVELS OF 8-OXODG. THIS MAY INDICATE THAT THE RATE OF INTRACELLULAR PEROXIDATION IS RELATIVELY LOW AND/OR THAT NUCLEAR DNA IN INTACT CELLS IS EFFECTIVELY PROTECTED AGAINST GENETIC DAMAGE INDUCED BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. IT IS THEREFORE CONCLUDED THAT RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ARE NOT LIKELY TO IMPOSE A DIRECT GENOTOXIC RISK. IT CAN, HOWEVER, NOT BE EXCLUDED THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INDUCES OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE OR IS RELATED TO CANCER RISK BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AS IS ALSO INDICATED BY THE OBSERVED CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  3380  28 HIV-1 INFECTION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED IPSC-DERIVED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-ENGRAFTED MICROGLIA IN A HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) IS A MAJOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 RESERVOIR. MICROGLIA ARE THE PRIMARY TARGET CELL OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN THE CNS. CURRENT MODELS HAVE NOT ALLOWED THE PRECISE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC CNS MICROGLIAL INFECTION TO BE TESTED WITH IN VIVO GENETIC METHODS. HERE, WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL UTILIZING HUMAN-INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL-DERIVED MICROGLIA TO XENOGRAFT INTO MURINE HOSTS. THESE MICE ARE ADDITIONALLY ENGRAFTED WITH HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS THAT SERVED AS A MEDIUM TO ESTABLISH A PERIPHERAL INFECTION THAT THEN SPREAD TO THE CNS MICROGLIA XENOGRAFT, MODELING A TRANS-BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER ROUTE OF ACUTE CNS HIV-1 INFECTION WITH HUMAN TARGET CELLS. THE APPROACH IS COMPATIBLE WITH IPSC GENETIC ENGINEERING, INCLUDING INSERTING TARGETED TRANSGENIC REPORTER CASSETTES TO TRACK THE XENOGRAFTED HUMAN CELLS, ENABLING THE TESTING OF NOVEL TREATMENT AND VIRAL TRACKING STRATEGIES IN A COMPARATIVELY SIMPLE AND COST-EFFECTIVE WAY VIVO MODEL FOR NEUROHIV. IMPORTANCE: OUR MOUSE MODEL IS A POWERFUL TOOL FOR INVESTIGATING THE GENETIC MECHANISMS GOVERNING CNS HIV-1 INFECTION AND LATENCY IN THE CNS AT A SINGLE-CELL LEVEL. A MAJOR ADVANTAGE OF OUR MODEL IS THAT IT USES IPSC-DERIVED MICROGLIA, WHICH ENABLES HUMAN GENETICS, INCLUDING GENE FUNCTION AND THERAPEUTIC GENE MANIPULATION, TO BE EXPLORED IN VIVO , WHICH IS MORE CHALLENGING TO STUDY WITH CURRENT HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL-BASED MODELS FOR NEUROHIV. OUR TRANSGENIC TRACING OF XENOGRAFTED HUMAN CELLS WILL PROVIDE A QUANTITATIVE MEDIUM TO DEVELOP NEW MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING THE HIV-1 LATENT RESERVOIR AND TO TEST THE IMPACT OF THERAPEUTIC INFLAMMATION-TARGETING DRUG INTERVENTIONS ON CNS HIV-1 LATENCY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  1574  78 DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF CHRONIC EXPLOSIVE BREACHING IN U.S. MILITARY WARFIGHTERS. BACKGROUND: INJURIES FROM EXPOSURE TO EXPLOSIONS ROSE DRAMATICALLY DURING THE IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN WARS, WHICH MOTIVATED INVESTIGATION OF BLAST-RELATED NEUROTRAUMA. WE HAVE UNDERTAKEN HUMAN STUDIES INVOLVING MILITARY "BREACHERS" -EXPOSED TO CONTROLLED, LOW-LEVEL BLAST DURING A 3-DAYS EXPLOSIVE BREACHING COURSE. METHODS: WE SCREENED EPIGENETIC PROFILES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 59 SUBJECTS (IN TWO SEPARATE U.S. MILITARY TRAINING SESSIONS) USING INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIPS. PARTICIPANTS HAD VARYING NUMBERS OF EXPOSURES TO BLAST OVER THEIR MILITARY CAREERS (EMPIRICALLY DEFINED AS HIGH >/= 40, AND CONVERSELY, LOW < 39 BREACHING EXPOSURES). DAILY SELF-REPORTED PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS WERE RECORDED. TINNITUS, MEMORY PROBLEMS, HEADACHES, AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES ARE MOST FREQUENTLY REPORTED. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 14 SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WITHIN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CUMULATIVE BLAST EXPOSURE IN PARTICIPANTS WITH HIGH RELATIVE TO LOW CUMULATIVE BLAST EXPOSURE. NOTABLY, NTSR1 AND SPON1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN HIGH RELATIVE TO LOW BLAST EXPOSED GROUPS, SUGGESTING THAT SLEEP DYSREGULATION MAY BE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC CUMULATIVE BLAST EXPOSURE. IN COMPARING LIFETIME BLAST EXPOSURE AT BASELINE (PRIOR TO EXPOSURE IN CURRENT TRAINING), AND TOP ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS, WE IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT DMRS ASSOCIATED WITH TINNITUS, SLEEP DIFFICULTIES, AND HEADACHE. NOTABLY, WE IDENTIFIED KCNN3, SOD3, MUC4, GALR1, AND WDR45B, WHICH ARE IMPLICATED IN AUDITORY FUNCTION, AS DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-REPORTED TINNITUS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS BEHIND AUDITORY INJURIES IN OUR MILITARY WARFIGHTERS AND ARE PARTICULARLY RELEVANT GIVEN TINNITUS IS NOT ONLY A PRIMARY DISABILITY AMONG VETERANS, BUT HAS ALSO BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN ACTIVE DUTY MEDICAL RECORDS FOR POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO BLAST IN TRAINING. ADDITIONALLY, WE FOUND THAT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GENES CCDC68 AND COMT TRACK WITH SLEEP DIFFICULTIES, AND THOSE WITHIN FMOD AND TNXB TRACK WITH PAIN AND HEADACHE. CONCLUSION: SLEEP DISTURBANCES, AS WELL AS TINNITUS AND CHRONIC PAIN, ARE WIDELY REPORTED IN U.S. MILITARY SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS. AS WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED, DNA METHYLATION ENCAPSULATES LIFETIME EXPOSURE TO BLAST. THE CURRENT DATA SUPPORT PREVIOUS FINDINGS AND RECAPITULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY ALTERATIONS IN GENES INVOLVED IN SLEEP, AUDITORY FUNCTION, AND PAIN. THESE DATA UNCOVERED NOVEL EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE ETIOLOGICAL BASIS OF THESE SYMPTOMS.	2020	

7  5451  31 REPROGRAMMING CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO NEURONS TO STUDY GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI), WHICH AFFLICTS AT LEAST 25% OF VETERANS WHO SERVED IN THE 1990-1991 WAR IN THE PERSIAN GULF, IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY DEPLOYMENT EXPOSURES TO VARIOUS NEUROTOXICANTS, INCLUDING PESTICIDES, ANTI-NERVE GAS PILLS, AND LOW-LEVEL NERVE AGENTS INCLUDING SARIN/CYCLOSARIN. GWI IS A MULTISYMPTOM DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY FATIGUE, JOINT PAIN, COGNITIVE PROBLEMS, AND GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS. THE MOST PROMINENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI (MEMORY PROBLEMS, POOR ATTENTION/CONCENTRATION, CHRONIC HEADACHES, MOOD ALTERATIONS, AND IMPAIRED SLEEP) SUGGEST THAT THE DISEASE PRIMARILY AFFECTS THE CNS. DEVELOPMENT OF URGENTLY NEEDED TREATMENTS DEPENDS ON EXPERIMENTAL MODELS APPROPRIATE FOR TESTING MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND FOR SCREENING THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS. RODENT MODELS HAVE BEEN USEFUL THUS FAR, BUT ARE LIMITED BY THEIR INABILITY TO ASSESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND TO THE DISEASE, AND BECAUSE DISEASE-VULNERABLE PROTEINS AND PATHWAYS MAY BE DIFFERENT IN HUMANS RELATIVE TO RODENTS. AS OF YET, NO POSTMORTEM TISSUE FROM THE VETERANS HAS BECOME AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH. WE ARE MOVING FORWARD WITH A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE STUDY OF GWI, WHICH UTILIZES CONTEMPORARY STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY TO CONVERT SOMATIC CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO PLURIPOTENT CELL LINES THAT CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED INTO VARIOUS CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NEURONS, GLIA, MUSCLE, OR OTHER RELEVANT CELL TYPES. SUCH CELL LINES ARE IMMORTAL AND WILL BE A RESOURCE FOR GWI RESEARCHERS TO PURSUE MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND THERAPEUTICS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  6406  30 THE SEARCH FOR RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE IN MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES. WHILST FACING A WORLDWIDE FAST INCREASE OF FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGIES, THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY IS ALSO CONFRONTED WITH ANOTHER INHOMOGENEOUS GROUP OF ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED DISABLING CONDITIONS, INCLUDING MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY (MCS), FIBROMYALGIA, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, ELECTRIC HYPERSENSITIVITY, AMALGAM DISEASE AND OTHERS. THESE SHARE THE FEATURES OF POLY-SYMPTOMATIC MULTI-ORGAN CUTANEOUS AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS, WITH POSTULATED INHERITED/ACQUIRED IMPAIRED METABOLISM OF CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL/NUTRITIONAL XENOBIOTICS, TRIGGERING ADVERSE REACTIONS AT EXPOSURE LEVELS FAR BELOW TOXICOLOGICALLY-RELEVANT VALUES, OFTEN IN THE ABSENCE OF CLEAR-CUT ALLERGOLOGIC AND/OR IMMUNOLOGIC INVOLVEMENT. DUE TO THE LACK OF PROVEN PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS GENERATING MEASURABLE DISEASE BIOMARKERS, THESE ENVIRONMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITIES ARE GENERALLY IGNORED BY SANITARY AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS, AS PSYCHOGENIC OR "MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS". THE UNCONTROLLED APPLICATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS NOT CORRESPONDING TO ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF VALIDATION, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL EFFICACY, TO A STEADILY INCREASING NUMBER OF PATIENTS DEMANDING ASSISTANCE, OCCURS IN MANY COUNTRIES IN THE ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES. HERE WE REVISE AVAILABLE INFORMATION SUPPORTING THE ORGANIC NATURE OF THESE CLINICAL CONDITIONS. FOLLOWING INTENSE RESEARCH ON GENE POLYMORPHISMS OF PHASE I/II DETOXIFICATION ENZYME GENES, SO FAR STATISTICALLY INCONCLUSIVE, EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS ARE UNDER INVESTIGATION, IN PARTICULAR FREE RADICAL/ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBANCES. THE FINDING OF RELEVANT ALTERATIONS OF CATALASE, GLUTATHIONE-TRANSFERASE AND PEROXIDASE DETOXIFYING ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATING WITH CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MCS, HAS RECENTLY REGISTERED SOME PROGRESS TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE ONSET, PROGRESSION, AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  3395  30 HOST GENETIC FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER. THE SUCCESS OF COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (CART) IN TRANSFORMING THE LIVES OF HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH ACCESS TO THESE DRUGS IS TEMPERED BY THE INCREASING THREAT OF HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS (HAND) TO THEIR OVERALL HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE. INTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES HAVE UNDERSCORED THE ROLE OF HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES, INFLAMMATION, AND MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES IN HAND, BUT THE PRECISE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HAND REMAIN ONLY PARTIALLY DELINEATED. COMPLICATING RESEARCH EFFORTS AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG DEVELOPMENT ARE THE SHEER COMPLEXITY OF HAND PHENOTYPES, DIAGNOSTIC IMPRECISION, AND THE GROWING INTERSECTION OF CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION WITH AGING-RELATED COMORBIDITIES. YET, GENETIC STUDIES STILL OFFER A POWERFUL MEANS OF ADVANCING INDIVIDUALIZED CARE FOR HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS AT RISK. THERE IS AN URGENT NEED FOR 1) LONGITUDINAL STUDIES USING CONSISTENT PHENOTYPIC DEFINITIONS OF HAND IN HIV-INFECTED SUBPOPULATIONS AT VERY HIGH RISK OF BEING ADVERSELY IMPACTED, SUCH AS CHILDREN, 2) TISSUE STUDIES THAT CORRELATE NEUROPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MULTIPLE BRAIN REGIONS WITH GENOMIC MARKERS IN AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS AND WITH CHANGES AT THE RNA, EPIGENOMIC, AND/OR PROTEIN LEVELS, AND 3) GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES USING MORE SENSITIVE SUBPHENOTYPES OF HAND. THE NIH BRAIN INITIATIVE AND HUMAN CONNECTOME PROJECT, COUPLED WITH RAPIDLY EVOLVING SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES FOR ANALYZING HIGH-THROUGHPUT GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC DATA, HOLD PROMISE FOR IDENTIFYING ACTIONABLE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND GENE NETWORKS THAT UNDERLIE HAND. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT STATE OF UNDERSTANDING OF HOST GENETIC FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO HAND IN LIGHT OF PAST CHALLENGES AND SUGGESTS SOME PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH TO ADVANCE THE UNDERSTANDING AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF HAND IN THE CART ERA.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  2772  29 EXTRACELLULAR ATP AND NEURODEGENERATION. ATP IS A POTENT SIGNALING MOLECULE ABUNDANTLY PRESENT IN THE CNS. IT ELICITS A WIDE ARRAY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND IS REGARDED AS THE PHYLOGENETICALLY MOST ANCIENT EPIGENETIC FACTOR PLAYING CRUCIAL BIOLOGICAL ROLES IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT TISSUES. THESE CAN RANGE FROM NEUROTRANSMISSION, SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION, CHEMOSENSORY SIGNALING, SECRETION AND VASODILATATION, TO MORE COMPLEX PHENOMENA SUCH AS IMMUNE RESPONSES, PAIN, MALE REPRODUCTION, FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. ATP IS RELEASED INTO THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE EITHER EXOCYTOTICALLY OR FROM DAMAGED AND DYING CELLS. IT IS OFTEN CO-RELEASED WITH OTHER NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND IT CAN INTERACT WITH GROWTH FACTORS AT BOTH RECEPTOR- AND/OR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION-LEVEL. ONCE IN THE EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT, ATP BINDS TO SPECIFIC RECEPTORS TERMED P2. BASED ON PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILES, ON SELECTIVITY OF COUPLING TO SECOND-MESSENGER PATHWAYS AND ON MOLECULAR CLONING, TWO MAIN SUBCLASSES WITH MULTIPLE SUBTYPES HAVE BEEN DISTINGUISHED. THEY ARE P2X, I.E. FAST CATION-SELECTIVE RECEPTOR CHANNELS (NA+, K+, CA2+), POSSESSING LOW AFFINITY FOR ATP AND RESPONSIBLE FOR FAST EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMISSION, AND P2Y, I.E. SLOW G PROTEIN-COUPLED METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS, POSSESSING HIGHER AFFINITY FOR THE LIGAND. IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THEY ARE BROADLY EXPRESSED IN BOTH NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS AND CAN MEDIATE DUAL EFFECTS: SHORT-TERM SUCH AS NEUROTRANSMISSION, AND LONG-TERM SUCH AS TROPHIC ACTIONS. SINCE MASSIVE EXTRACELLULAR RELEASE OF ATP OFTEN OCCURS AFTER METABOLIC STRESS, BRAIN ISCHEMIA AND TRAUMA, PURINERGIC MECHANISMS ARE ALSO CORRELATED TO AND INVOLVED IN THE ETIOPATHOLOGY OF MANY NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS. FURTHERMORE, EXTRACELLULAR ATP PER SE IS TOXIC FOR PRIMARY NEURONAL DISSOCIATED AND ORGANOTYPIC CNS CULTURES FROM CORTEX, STRIATUM AND CEREBELLUM AND P2 RECEPTORS CAN MEDIATE AND AGGRAVATE HYPOXIC SIGNALING IN MANY CNS NEURONS. CONVERSELY, SEVERAL P2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS ABOLISH THE CELL DEATH FATE OF PRIMARY NEURONAL CULTURES EXPOSED TO EXCESSIVE GLUTAMATE, SERUM/POTASSIUM DEPRIVATION, HYPOGLYCEMIA AND CHEMICAL HYPOXIA. IN PARALLEL WITH THESE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS, ALSO TROPHIC FUNCTIONS HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY DESCRIBED FOR EXTRACELLULAR PURINES (BOTH FOR NEURONAL AND NON-NEURONAL CELLS), BUT THESE MIGHT EITHER AGGRAVATE OR AMELIORATE THE NORMAL CELLULAR CONDITIONS. IN SUMMARY, EXTRACELLULAR ATP PLAYS A VERY COMPLEX ROLE NOT ONLY IN THE REPAIR, REMODELING AND SURVIVAL OCCURRING IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, BUT EVEN IN CELL DEATH AND THIS CAN OCCUR EITHER AFTER NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, AFTER INJURY, OR ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES.	2003	
                                                   
11  5113  21 POPULATION-LEVEL IMPACTS OF PESTICIDE-INDUCED CHRONIC EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUALS DEPEND MORE ON ECOLOGY THAN TOXICOLOGY. THE CURRENT METHOD FOR ASSESSING LONG-TERM RISK OF PESTICIDES TO MAMMALS IN THE EU IS BASED ON THE INDIVIDUAL RATHER THAN THE POPULATION-LEVEL AND LACKS ECOLOGICAL REALISM. HENCE THERE IS LITTLE POSSIBILITY FOR REGULATORY AUTHORITIES TO INCREASE ECOLOGICAL REALISM AND UNDERSTANDING OF RISKS AT THE POPULATION-LEVEL. HERE WE DEMONSTRATE HOW, USING ABM MODELLING, ASSESSMENTS AT THE POPULATION-LEVEL CAN BE OBTAINED EVEN FOR A PESTICIDE WITH COMPLEX LONG-TERM EFFECTS SUCH AS EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION OF REPRODUCTIVE DEPRESSION. BY OBJECTIVELY FITTING NONLINEAR MODELS TO THE SIMULATION OUTPUTS IT WAS POSSIBLE TO COMPARE POPULATION DEPRESSION AND RECOVERY RATES FOR A RANGE OF SCENARIOS IN WHICH TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE FACTORS WERE VARIED. THE SYSTEM WAS DIFFERENTIALLY SENSITIVE TO THE VARIOUS FACTORS, BUT VOLE ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR WERE AT LEAST AS IMPORTANT PREDICTORS OF POPULATION-LEVEL EFFECTS AS TOXICOLOGY. THIS EMPHASISES THE NEED FOR GREATER FOCUS ON ANIMAL ECOLOGY IN RISK ASSESSMENTS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12  4015  35 LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOLS A, F AND S OF HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTE IMPACTS CODING AND NON-CODING RNA PROFILES. BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE HAS BEEN SUSPECTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON HEALTH INCLUDING OBESITY AND METABOLICALLY-LINKED DISEASES. ALTHOUGH BISPHENOLS F (BPF) AND S (BPS) ARE BPA STRUCTURAL ANALOGS COMMONLY USED IN MANY MARKETED PRODUCTS AS A REPLACEMENT FOR BPA, ONLY SPARSE TOXICOLOGICAL DATA ARE AVAILABLE YET. OUR OBJECTIVE WAS TO COMPREHENSIVELY CHARACTERIZE BISPHENOLS GENE TARGETS IN A HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTE MODEL, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER THEY MAY INDUCE CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION, USING CHRONIC EXPOSURE AT TWO CONCENTRATIONS: A "LOW-DOSE" SIMILAR TO THE DOSE USUALLY ENCOUNTERED IN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS AND A HIGHER DOSE. THEREFORE, BPA, BPF AND BPS HAVE BEEN ADDED AT 10 NM OR 10 MUM DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN PRIMARY ADIPOCYTES FROM SUBCUTANEOUS FAT OF THREE NON-DIABETIC CAUCASIAN FEMALE PATIENTS. GENE EXPRESSION (MRNA/LNCRNA) ARRAYS AND MICRORNA ARRAYS, HAVE BEEN USED TO ASSESS CODING AND NON-CODING RNA CHANGES. WE DETECTED SIGNIFICANTLY DEREGULATED MRNA/LNCRNA AND MIRNA AT LOW AND HIGH DOSES. ENRICHMENT IN "CANCER" AND "ORGANISMAL INJURY AND ABNORMALITIES" RELATED PATHWAYS WAS FOUND IN RESPONSE TO THE THREE PRODUCTS. SOME LONG INTERGENIC NON-CODING RNAS AND SMALL NUCLEOLAR RNAS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED SUGGESTING THAT BISPHENOLS MAY ALSO ACTIVATE MULTIPLE CELLULAR PROCESSES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE ANALYSIS OF UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF DEREGULATED GENES HIGHLIGHTED HORMONES OR HORMONE-LIKE CHEMICALS SUGGESTING THAT BPS AND BPF CAN BE SUSPECTED TO INTERFERE, JUST LIKE BPA, WITH HORMONAL REGULATION AND HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS. ALL THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT AS BPA, ITS SUBSTITUTES BPS AND BPF SHOULD BE USED WITH THE SAME RESTRICTIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13   457  37 APPLYING A MULTISCALE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO URANIUM IN RAT KIDNEYS. PURPOSE: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO URANIUM WITH A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH, A MULTISCALE HIGH-THROUGHPUT MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED WITH A PROTOCOL FOR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE RAT KIDNEY. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE RATS WERE CONTAMINATED FOR NINE MONTHS THROUGH THEIR DRINKING WATER WITH A NONTOXIC SOLUTION OF URANYL NITRATE. A MULTISCALE APPROACH ENABLED CLINICAL MONITORING ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC (MRNA AND MICRORNA) ANALYSES. RESULTS: A SEX-INTERACTION EFFECT WAS OBSERVED IN THE KIDNEY, URINE, AND PLASMA METABOLOMES OF CONTAMINATED RATS. MOREOVER, URINE AND KIDNEY METABOLIC PROFILES CORRELATED AND CONFIRMED THAT THE PRIMARY DYSREGULATED METABOLISMS ARE THOSE OF NICOTINATE-NICOTINAMIDE AND OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS. UPSTREAM OF THE METABOLIC PATHWAYS, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILES OF THE KIDNEY REVEAL GENE ACTIVITY FOCUSED ON GENE REGULATION MECHANISMS, CELL SIGNALING, CELL STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, AND CELL PROLIFERATION. EXAMINATION OF EPIGENETIC POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE REGULATION PROCESSES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DYSREGULATION OF 70 MICRO-RNAS. THE MULTI-OMICS APPROACH HIGHLIGHTED THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELLS' BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON MULTIPLE SCALES THROUGH ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION, CONFIRMED BY CHANGES OBSERVED IN THE METABOLOME. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SHOWED CHANGES IN MULTI-OMIC PROFILES OF RATS EXPOSED TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM CONTAMINATION, COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. THESE CHANGES INVOLVED GENE EXPRESSION AS WELL AS MODIFICATIONS IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND THE METABOLOME. THE METABOLOMIC PROFILE CONFIRMED THAT THE MAIN MOLECULAR TARGETS OF URANIUM IN KIDNEY CELLS ARE THE METABOLISM OF NICOTINATE-NICOTINAMIDE AND THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. ADDITIONALLY, GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS IS TARGETED BY PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CELL FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT MULTISCALE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY IS USEFUL IN ELUCIDATING THE MOST DISCRIMINATIVE PATHWAYS FROM GENOMIC TO METABOLOMIC LEVELS FOR ASSESSING THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THIS LOW-LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE, I.E. THE EXPOSOME.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14   108  28 A REVIEW OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MELATONIN IN PESTICIDE-INDUCED TOXICITY. PESTICIDES ARE AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICALS USED IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR. HOWEVER, THEIR EXTENSIVE USE HAS POLLUTED THE ENVIRONMENT AND INCREASED HUMAN VULNERABILITY TO VARIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES. PESTICIDE EXPOSURE CAUSES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. AREAS COVERED: THIS REVIEW IS BASED ON THE LITERATURE STUDIES CURRENTLY REPORTED ON PESTICIDE-INDUCED TOXICITY AND THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF MELATONIN. SCIENTIFIC DATABASES SUCH AS PUBMED, SCOPUS AND WEB OF SCIENCE WERE SEARCHED USING KEYWORDS 'PESTICIDE' AND 'MELATONIN' UP TO JANUARY 2016. FULL LENGTH ARTICLES RELATED TO ANIMAL AND HUMAN EXPOSURE WERE RETRIEVED. A TOTAL NUMBER OF 181 RECORDS WERE OBTAINED, AND AFTER EXCLUDING THE DUPLICATES, 97 PAPERS WERE FURTHER SCREENED ON THE BASIS OF RELEVANCE TO THE TOPIC. EXPERT OPINION: MELATONIN AS A BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIOXIDANT IS ABLE TO PENETRATE CELLULAR COMPARTMENTS SPECIFICALLY THE MITOCHONDRIA. IT IS A POTENT FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER WITH LOW TOXICITY AND DESIRABLE SOLUBILITY IN ORGANIC AND AQUEOUS PHASES. WE ARE OF THE OPINION THAT MELATONIN IS A PROMISING AGENT IN MINIMIZING ORGAN INJURIES INDUCED BY PESTICIDES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15   282  24 AGEING AND LOW-LEVEL CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: THE ROLE OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK. AGEING IS A MULTIFACTORIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL MANIFESTATION THAT OCCURS INEXORABLY AND GRADUALLY IN ALL FORMS OF LIFE. THIS PROCESS IS LINKED TO THE DECAY OF HOMEOSTASIS DUE TO THE PROGRESSIVE DECREASE IN THE REPARATIVE AND REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF TISSUES AND ORGANS, WITH REDUCED PHYSIOLOGICAL RESERVE IN RESPONSE TO STRESS. AGEING IS CLOSELY RELATED TO OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND INVOLVES IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND TISSUE IMPAIRMENT OR METABOLIC IMBALANCES THAT TRIGGER INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMASOME FORMATION. ONE OF THE MAIN AGEING-RELATED ALTERATIONS IS THE DYSREGULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, WHICH RESULTS IN CHRONIC LOW-LEVEL, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, TERMED "INFLAMMAGING". GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AS WELL AS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, PROMOTE AND/OR MODULATE THE MECHANISMS OF AGEING AT THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, ORGAN, AND SYSTEM LEVELS. MOST OF THESE MECHANISMS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY TIME-DEPENDENT PATTERNS OF VARIATION DRIVEN BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE INVOLVEMENT OF AGEING-RELATED PROCESSES WITH INFLAMMATION IN RELATION TO THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK AND THE MECHANISMS OPERATING THIS INTRICATE INTERACTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  4932  29 PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURES PROGRAM INTERGENERATIONAL HORMETIC EFFECTS ON OFFSPRING FETOPLACENTAL GROWTH. HORMESIS REFERS TO GRADED ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI WHERE LOW-LEVEL TOXICANT EXPOSURES STIMULATE TISSUE GROWTH AND RESPONSIVENESS WHILE, IN CONTRAST, HIGHER-LEVEL EXPOSURES INDUCE TOXICITY. ALTHOUGH THE INTERGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE OF PROGRAMMED HORMETIC GROWTH RESPONSES IS DESCRIBED IN PLANTS AND INSECTS, RESEARCHERS HAVE YET TO OBSERVE THIS PHENOMENON IN MAMMALS. USING A PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT MOUSE MODEL, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURES PROGRAM NONLINEAR, DOSE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN OFFSPRING FETOPLACENTAL GROWTH. OUR STUDIES IDENTIFY AN INVERSE J-SHAPED CURVE WITH A THRESHOLD OF 2.4 G/KG PER DAY; BELOW THIS THRESHOLD, PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURES INDUCE PROGRAMMED INCREASES IN PLACENTAL GROWTH, WHILE DOSES EXCEEDING THIS POINT YIELD COMPARATIVE DECREASES IN PLACENTAL GROWTH. IN MALE OFFSPRING, HIGHER PATERNAL EXPOSURES INDUCE DOSE-DEPENDENT INCREASES IN THE PLACENTAL LABYRINTH LAYER BUT DO NOT IMPACT FETAL GROWTH. IN CONTRAST, THE PLACENTAL HYPERTROPHY INDUCED BY LOW-LEVEL PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURES ASSOCIATE WITH INCREASED OFFSPRING CROWN-RUMP LENGTH, PARTICULARLY IN MALE OFFSPRING. FINALLY, ALTERATIONS IN PLACENTAL PHYSIOLOGY CORRELATE WITH DISRUPTIONS IN BOTH MITOCHONDRIAL-ENCODED AND IMPRINTED GENE EXPRESSION. UNDERSTANDING THE INFLUENCE OF ETHANOL ON THE PATERNALLY-INHERITED EPIGENETIC PROGRAM AND DOWNSTREAM HORMETIC RESPONSES IN OFFSPRING GROWTH MAY HELP EXPLAIN THE ENORMOUS VARIATION OBSERVED IN FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER (FASD) PHENOTYPES AND INCIDENCE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  1066  31 CLINICAL USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENT: PROS AND CONS. NITROGEN SUPPLY IS PIVOTAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF LIFE. AMINO ACIDS CAN BE UTILIZED TO SYNTHESIZE BOTH GLUCOSE AND LIPIDS. THE OPPOSITE, I.E., PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS FROM EITHER ONE OF THEM, IS NOT POSSIBLE IN THE ABSENCE OF OTHER AMINO ACIDS AS DONORS OF NITROGEN. THE QUALITY OF AMINO ACID CONTENT IN PROTEIN HAS BEEN RE-EVALUATED RECENTLY, AND THE RELEVANCE OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY UNDERLINED. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS IN DIFFERENT MAMMALS ARE NOT IDENTICAL, AND RATIOS AMONG THEM SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN PROJECTING AN EFFICIENT FORMULATION. RECENT RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT GENES RESPOND TO DIFFERENT QUALITIES AND QUANTITIES OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLY, AND INCREASED PROVISION OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS INCREASES LIFESPAN IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS THROUGH MITOCHONDRIOGENESIS AND MAINTENANCE OF ELEVATED RATES OF SYNTHESIS OF ANTI-OXIDANT MOLECULES. MOREOVER, GENETIC EXPRESSION OF KEY CONTROLLERS OF SYNTHESIS, LIKE MTOR, MAY BE PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING SKELETAL MUSCLE MAINTENANCE. LOSSES OF MUSCLE MASS AND IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTION ARE RELATED TO REDUCED PROTEIN SUPPLY, AND THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT REGULAR ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID INTAKE AS PART OF AN ORAL DIET IS EFFECTIVE IN REVERSING MUSCLE CATABOLISM, PROMOTING MUSCLE ANABOLISM, AND RESTORING IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION. THEREFORE, THE USE OF AMINO ACIDS AS SUPPLEMENTS TO DIET WOULD BE EXPANDING IN THE NEAR FUTURE. IS THIS SAFE? FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE ON AMINO ACID TOXICITY, AND ONLY ONE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID MAY BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE CLINICALLY RELEVANT TOXICITY: METHIONINE, BECAUSE IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO A TOXIC INTERMEDIATE, HOMOCYSTEINE, WHEN CYSTEINE SYNTHESIS IS REQUIRED BY METABOLIC NEEDS. MATCHING OF STOICHIOMETRIC RATIOS BETWEEN METHIONINE AND CYSTEINE MAY SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF SUPPLYING SUFFICIENT AMOUNTS OF SULFUR TO THE BODY. ARGININE AND GLUTAMINE ARE TWO NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS THAN CAN BECOME "CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL" BECAUSE OF ELEVATED NEEDS DURING PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AND METABOLISM MAY NOT BE ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR CONCENTRATIONS AT SUFFICIENT LEVELS TO MATCH METABOLIC REQUIREMENTS. CHRONIC EXOGENOUS ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION HAS NOT PROVEN TO EXERT POSITIVE CLINICAL EFFECTS IN DIFFERENT TRIALS, AND SEQUENTIAL ARTICULATION OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF INTRODUCTION OF ARGININE-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL, TRANSLATIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS MAY GIVE US A KEY FOR INTERPRETING THOSE PUZZLING RESULTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18  6078  33 THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN ZEBRAFISH. ARSENIC IS A PREVALENT ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIN AND A GROUP ONE HUMAN CARCINOGENIC AGENT. CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MANY HUMAN DISEASES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EVALUATE ZEBRAFISH AS AN ANIMAL MODEL TO ASSESS ARSENIC TOXICITY IN ELEVATED LONG-TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE. WITH PROLONGED EXPOSURE (6 MONTHS) TO VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC FROM 50 PPB TO 300 PPB, EFFECTS OF ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND PHENOTYPES WERE INVESTIGATED. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THERE ARE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF ARSENIC RETENTION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND ZEBRAFISH DID NOT EXHIBIT ANY VISIBLE TUMOR FORMATION UNDER ARSENIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, THE ZEBRAFISH DEMONSTRATE A DYSFUNCTION IN THEIR NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY A REDUCTION OF LOCOMOTIVE ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, ELEVATED LEVELS OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD2) PROTEIN WERE DETECTED IN THE EYE AND LIVER, SUGGESTING INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, THE PROGENIES OF ARSENIC-TREATED PARENTS DISPLAYED A SMALLER BIOMASS (FOUR-FOLD REDUCTION IN BODY WEIGHT) COMPARED WITH THOSE FROM THEIR PARENTAL CONTROLS. THIS RESULT INDICATES THAT ARSENIC MAY INDUCE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ARE THEN PASSED ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION. OVERALL, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT ZEBRAFISH IS A CONVENIENT VERTEBRATE MODEL WITH ADVANTAGES IN THE EVALUATION OF ARSENIC-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AS WELL AS ITS INFLUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  4663  24 NEW HORIZONS: NOVEL APPROACHES TO ENHANCE HEALTHSPAN THROUGH TARGETING CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND RELATED AGING MECHANISMS. THE ELDERLY POPULATION IS INCREASING FASTER THAN OTHER SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. AGE IS THE LEADING PREDICTOR FOR MOST CHRONIC DISEASES AND DISORDERS, MULTIMORBIDITY, GERIATRIC SYNDROMES, AND IMPAIRED ABILITY TO RECOVER FROM ACCIDENTS OR ILLNESSES. ENHANCING THE DURATION OF HEALTH AND INDEPENDENCE, TERMED HEALTHSPAN, WOULD BE MORE DESIRABLE THAN EXTENDING LIFESPAN MERELY BY PROLONGING THE PERIOD OF MORBIDITY TOWARD THE END OF LIFE. THE GEROSCIENCE HYPOTHESIS POSITS THAT HEALTHSPAN CAN BE EXTENDED BY TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS, RATHER THAN ATTEMPTING TO ADDRESS EACH AGE-RELATED DISEASE ONE AT A TIME, ONLY SO THE AFFLICTED INDIVIDUAL SURVIVES DISABLED AND DIES SHORTLY AFTERWARD OF ANOTHER AGE-RELATED DISEASE. THESE FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, FIBROSIS, STEM CELL/ PROGENITOR DYSFUNCTION, DNA DAMAGE, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, METABOLIC SHIFTS, DESTRUCTIVE METABOLITE GENERATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, MISFOLDED OR AGGREGATED PROTEIN ACCUMULATION, AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. THESE PROCESSES APPEAR TO BE TIGHTLY INTERLINKED, AS TARGETING ANY ONE APPEARS TO AFFECT MANY OF THE REST, UNDERLYING OUR UNITARY THEORY OF FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS. INTERVENTIONS TARGETING MANY FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESSES ARE BEING DEVELOPED, INCLUDING DIETARY MANIPULATIONS, METFORMIN, MTOR (MECHANISTIC TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN) INHIBITORS, AND SENOLYTICS, WHICH ARE IN EARLY HUMAN TRIALS. THESE INTERVENTIONS COULD LEAD TO GREATER HEALTHSPAN BENEFITS THAN TREATING AGE-RELATED DISEASES ONE AT A TIME. TO ILLUSTRATE THESE POINTS, WE FOCUS ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND THERAPIES IN DEVELOPMENT TO TARGET SENESCENT CELLS. COMBINING INTERVENTIONS TARGETING AGING MECHANISMS WITH DISEASE-SPECIFIC DRUGS COULD RESULT IN MORE THAN ADDITIVE BENEFITS FOR CURRENTLY DIFFICULT-TO-TREAT OR INTRACTABLE DISEASES. MORE RESEARCH ATTENTION NEEDS TO BE DEVOTED TO TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20   675  28 BRAIN AGE AND OTHER BODILY 'AGES': IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRY. AS OUR BRAINS AGE, WE TEND TO EXPERIENCE COGNITIVE DECLINE AND ARE AT GREATER RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AND DEMENTIA. SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASES ARE ALSO EXACERBATED DURING AGEING. HOWEVER, THE AGEING PROCESS DOES NOT AFFECT PEOPLE UNIFORMLY; NOR, IN FACT, DOES THE AGEING PROCESS APPEAR TO BE UNIFORM EVEN WITHIN AN INDIVIDUAL. HERE, WE OUTLINE RECENT NEUROIMAGING RESEARCH INTO BRAIN AGEING AND THE USE OF OTHER BODILY AGEING BIOMARKERS, INCLUDING TELOMERE LENGTH, THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK, AND GRIP STRENGTH. SOME OF THESE TECHNIQUES, USING STATISTICAL APPROACHES, HAVE THE ABILITY TO PREDICT CHRONOLOGICAL AGE IN HEALTHY PEOPLE. MOREOVER, THEY ARE NOW BEING APPLIED TO NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE GROUPS TO PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO HOW THESE DISEASES INTERACT WITH THE AGEING PROCESS AND TO DELIVER INDIVIDUALISED PREDICTIONS ABOUT FUTURE BRAIN AND BODY HEALTH. WE DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS, FROM BOTH THE BRAIN AND THE REST OF THE BODY, TO BUILD MORE COMPREHENSIVE MODELS OF THE BIOLOGICAL AGEING PROCESS. FINALLY, WE PROPOSE SEVEN STEPS FOR THE FIELD OF BRAIN-AGEING RESEARCH TO TAKE IN COMING YEARS. THIS WILL HELP US REACH THE LONG-TERM GOAL OF DEVELOPING CLINICALLY APPLICABLE STATISTICAL MODELS OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES TO MEASURE, TRACK AND PREDICT BRAIN AND BODY HEALTH IN AGEING AND DISEASE.	2019